This article examines the nembutsu as the core practice of Pure Land Buddhism, highlighting Shinran’s vision of salvation through Amitabha’s vow and Nichiren’s sharp critique linking nembutsu to Avici hell, and explores the doctrinal, metaphysical, and textual tensions between them.

The author aims to provide a succinct and critical examination of how prominent Western philosophers like Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant, and Bernard Lonergan conceptualized the philosophy of beauty

The article relates the biography and main ideas of Abai Qunanbayev, a famous Kazakh thinker and poet who promoted education and social justice. His understanding of faith emphasized the importance of education and ethical living and highlighted the value of hard work and altruism.