Travel to the East: Carpini, Rubruck, and Ibn Battuta
In the 13th century, Mongol invasions reshaped Eurasia, sparking fears of Gog and Magog. Carpini (1245–1247) and Rubruck (1253–1254) documented Mongol diplomacy and culture, while Ibn Battuta (14th c.) detailed thriving Islamic social and cultural life.
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